Fiqh Pandemik: Istintāj Hukum Dari Sejarah Penularan Hawar Al-Ṭāʿūn Dalam Islam Dan Hubungannya Dengan Maqāṣid Syariah
The Fiqh of Pandemics: Legal Deduction from The History of The Contagion of al-Ṭāʿūn Plague in Islam and Its Relationship with Maqāṣid Sharīah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55265/almaqasid.v1i2.6Keywords:
Fiqh Pandemik, Hawar al-ṭāʿūn, COVID-19, Istintaj al-Hukm, Maqasid SyariahAbstract
Abstract in English:
The world is currently experiencing respiratory outbreaks due to Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Pandemics are not unprecedented in the history of human civilization, especially the early history of Islam. The Arabic historical sources related to this pandemic are concentrated in the form of narrative and chronology devoted to the topic of al-ṭāʿūn plague. These narratives later formed the religio-legal genre, which led to the re-emergence of this catastrophe until the end of the nineteenth century. These literatures are important not only as sources of chronology of al-ṭāʿūn plague, it is also a proof of the ongoing concern of Muslim scholars in debating the Shariah rulings whether to agree or not with religious principles related to an epidemic or pandemic. Through this study, the researchers sought to identify similarities between the COVID-19 pandemic and the experiences of previous generations of Muslims and to extract some important information that could be used as a general and practical response to the pandemic. This study focuses specifically on the generations of the Companions of the Prophet and previous Muslim civilizations recorded in the prominent Islamic history books. This qualitative study has used documentary research methods to collect relevant data from leading documents. Then, the collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. This study found seven types of al-ṭāʿūn plague that are well known in Islamic history which were iaitu al-Ṭāʿūn Syīrawaih, al-Ṭāʿūn ʿAmwās, al-Ṭāʿūn al-Jārif, al-Ṭāʿūn al-Fatayāt, al-Ṭāʿūn Rajab, al-Ṭāʿūn in Kufah, and al-Ṭāʿūn al-ʿĀm or al-Kabīr. The legal deduction on the history behind this disaster resulted in six measures implemented by the Muslim community at that time that could be used as a general and practical response to the epidemic. The six measures were the movement control order, conducting collective shurawith various parties, implementation of quarantine, physical distance and banning mass gatherings, visiting the corpses infected with infectious diseases, and al-ṭāʿūn plague categorized maraḍal-makhūf. In addition, these six actions clearly comply with Islamic principles and are also in line with the Maqasid Syariah requirements in safeguarding the welfare of Muslims and preventing them from any danger, especially against pandemic threats.
Abstract in Bahasa Malaysia:
Dunia kini mengalami wabak pernafasan akibat Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Pandemik bukanlah perkara baru dalam sejarah ketamadunan manusia, terutamanya sejarah awal Islam. Sumber sejarah Arab yang berkaitan dengan pandemik ini tertumpu dalam bentuk naratif dan kronologi yang dikhaskan untuk topik hawar al-ṭāʿūn. Naratif ini kemudiannya membentuk genre religio-legal, yang disebabkan oleh kemunculan semula malapetaka ini hingga akhir abad kesembilan belas. Kesusateraan Arab ini penting bukan hanya sebagai sumber kronologi hawar al-ṭāʿūn, ianya juga menjadi bukti keprihatinan berterusan para ulama Muslim dalam membahaskan hukum-hakam sama ada untuk setuju atau tidak dengan prinsip-prinsip agama yang berkaitan dengan sesuatu wabak atau pandemik. Melalui kajian ini, para penyelidik berusaha untuk mengenal pasti persamaan antara pandemik COVID-19 dan pengalaman umat Islam generasi sebelumnya, dan untuk mengekstrak beberapa maklumat penting yang dapat digunakan sebagai tindak balas umum dan praktikal terhadap pandemik tersebut. Kajian ini memfokuskan secara khusus pada generasi para sahabat Nabi dan peradaban Muslim terdahulu yang tercatat dalam buku-buku sejarah Islam yang terkenal. Kajian kualitatif ini telah menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan dokumentari untuk mengumpulkan data yang relevan dari dokumen terkemuka. Kemudian, data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis menggunakan analisis kandungan kualitatif. Kajian ini menemui tujuh jenis wabak yang terkenal dalam sejarah Islam iaitu al-Ṭāʿūn Syīrawaih, al-Ṭāʿūn ʿAmwās, al-Ṭāʿūn al-Jārif, al-Ṭāʿūn al-Fatayāt, al-Ṭāʿūn Rajab, al-Ṭāʿūn di Kufah, dan al-Ṭāʿūn al-ʿĀm atau al-Kabīr. Istintaj dari sejarah di sebalik bencana ini menghasilkan enam langkah yang dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat Islam pada masa itu yang dapat digunakan sebagai tindak balas umum dan praktikal terhadap wabak tersebut. Enam langkah tersebut ialah perintah kawalan pergerakan, menjalankan syura secara kolektif dengan pelbagai pihak, perlaksanaan kuarantin, penjarakkan fizikal dan pengharaman perhimpunan besar-besaran, menziarahi mayat yang dijangkiti penyakit berjangkit, dan hawar al-ṭāʿūn dikategorikan maraḍal-makhūf. Selain itu, keenam-enam tindakan ini dengan jelas mematuhi prinsip-prinsip Islam dan juga sejalan dengan kehendak Syariah yang lebih tinggi dalam menjaga kebajikan umat Islam dan mencegah mereka dari sebarang bahaya, terutama terhadap ancaman pandemik.
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Copyright (c) 2020 Lukman Abd Mutalib, Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail, Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin, Abdul Manan Ismail, Mohd Soberi Awang, Setiyawan Gunardi, Siti Fatimah Salleh, Muhammad Hazim Ahmad
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